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Immunological relevant factors in Gastro-intestinal tract |
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“
An apple a day keeps the doctor away ! ” Influence of
different
flavanol rich feeding regimens on the villi and crypt morphology in
jejunum,
ileum, and colon of young piglets.
Julia HERZIG, Claudia DUMMER & Michael W. PFAFFL
Introduction: The intestinal tract of piglets change during
growth
and especially in the time around weaning. The change from sow milk to
food
causes diversification in gut crypts and gut villi morphology. In this
time
the piglets have often diarrhea which produce high costs in breeding.
One
facility is to give antibiotic with the feed ingredients, but from 2006
on
the antibiotics in feed are forbidden in the EU. Therefore farmers have
to
look after another possibilities to improve gut health. In this
approach
two different flavanol rich feeding regimens were applied in young
growing
piglets (freeze dried apple and red wine pomace). This compounds have
high
amounts of polyphenols which are known as healthy drugs. The average of
the
total polyphenol content in apple is 3 g per kg fresh weight (0.5 – 11
g/kg)
and 2 mg/liter red wine.
Methods: In this study 78 piglets were fed over 4 weeks with
three
different feeding regimens. 26 animals were fed with normal piglet
starter,
26 got additionally 3.5% dry matter (dm) apple pomace and further 26
got
3.5% dm red wine pomace. Pigs were killed by electric gripper and
bleeding.
Samples of jejunum, ileum, and colon were collected for the histology
investigation.
Tissues were fixed two days in 3.7% formalin, dewatered and embedded
automatically
in paraffin wax. Paraffin wax embedded tissues were sectioned (9
µm
in thickness, Microm, Walldorf, Germany), mounted on 2% silane (Sigma,
Deisenhofen,
Germany) coated slides, dewaxed in Xylol and rehydrated in descending
alcohols.
Slices were stained with Mayer`s Hemalaun (C.I. N°: 75290; Merck,
Darmstadt,
Germany), dehydrated in descending alcohols, rinsed in Xylol and
embedded
in Eukitt (Kindler, Freiburg, Germany). All sections were viewed under
the
axioskop (Zeiss microscope, Munich, Germany). Gut villi length, crypt
depth
and breath, and peyer patches area were imaged and measured in
triplicates
(n = 234 each) by using a digital camera and axiovision software (Carl
Zeiss
Axio Cam MR, axiovision software, 3.0.6 SP3).
Results: The villi area in jejunum increase strongest in the
control
animals and apple feed animals. No significant growth could be shown in
the
red wine pomace group. No significant changes could be shown in ileum.
Peyer
patch were highly enlarged in control group after 28 days. In colon the
villi
and crypt area growth was significantly increased in apple as well in
red
wine pomace feeding groups.
Tables: Villi, crypt, and peyer patch morphology in
jejunum,
ileum, and colon of piglets. Linear regression of the growth (y) in
days
(x) in mm or mm². The percentage value shows the relative growth
in
28 days, compared to the starting day 0. Significant growth over 28
days
is indicated by p value.
Discussion: Results show that in jejunum the villi growth
is
inhibited by red wine pomace, and slightly reduced by apple pomace,
compared
to control animals. In Ileum no effect on the gut morphology were
evident,
but the incorporated peyer patch were enlarged in control group. This
indicates
a peyer patch activation in the flavanoid lacking feeding regimen and
suggest
an immuno-preventive effect of flavanols in the ileum. In colon both
flavanol
feeding regimen can enhance the villi and crypt growth.
In a further experiment the size of the epithelial cells was measured,
to
test if the villi or the cells itself are growing under the influence
of
flavanols. Cells sizes stay constant under all three feeding regimes as
well
over 28 days. This indicates that the villi itself is growing and the
epithelial
cells sizes stay constant.
Conclusions: Apple and red wine pomace can reduce the
immune
system activation via the peyer patches in the ileum. Different fruits
have
diverse effects in the gastrointestinal tract. Red wine pomace has
inhibitory
effects in the jejunum villi and apple pomace has a stimulating effect
in
colon villi and crypt. Flavanoid rich feeding regimen showed positive
effects
on gut health and is a good alternative to improve pig health in
agriculture
after the ban on antibiotics.
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